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Granny’s Garden School
Animal andWeather Tracking in Spring
Ants

Objective:
Studentswill collect information about animals observed, air temperature, soiltemperature, and weather conditions to understand animal activity throughoutthe spring season.

Supplies:
Compostthermometer to measure air and soil temperature
Gardenorganisms folder
Groundorganisms folder
Magnifiers
Animaland weather tracking worksheet
Clipboardwith blank paper for a group of students
Pencilfor a group of students
Collectsome worms (or have the students collect) for observation

Information to Complete theWorksheet:

1. Location: In whatgarden area is your class for the activity?

2. Air temperature: What is a thermometer? A thermometer is an instrument used tomeasure temperature. Liquid expands whentemperature increases, so the liquid inside climbs up the thermometer. Choose a student to read the air temperature,including the unit. How are degreesexpressed? Fahrenheit or the metricCelsius. Where do you find the unit ofmeasurement (Fahrenheit or Celsius)? Help students understand the scale of the lines – e.g., each line mayrepresent 2 degrees.

3. Soil temperature: The tip of the soil or compost thermometer isthe point at which the temperature is taken up the probe to be read. Try to take the temperature within the top 4inches of the soil. Where do you findthe unit of measurement (Fahrenheit or Celsius)? Help students understand the scale of thelines – e.g., each line may represent 2 degrees.

4. Which units are smaller Fahrenheit or Celsius? Fahrenheit is smaller units. It takes more Fahrenheit units to equal thesame temperature in Celsius. Compare toinches and feet. There are more inchesin one foot.
Freezing point of water: 32º F, 0º C
Boiling point of water: 212º F, 100º C
Fahrenheit and Celsius are equal at -40º F = -40º C

5. Fahrenheit wasnamed for Dr. Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit of Germany in 1724. Celsius was named for Anders Celsius of Sweden in1742. Anders had 0º C as boiling and100º C for freezing. After Celsius diedin 1744, Carolus Linneaus of Swedenmade 0º C freezing and 100º C boiling for an ascending range.

6. Sunny, partly cloudy, overcast: Record the cloud cover to see its effect ontemperature; can produce rain. What areclouds made of? Clouds are made of tinydrops of water. Water evaporates fromlakes, ponds, rivers, oceans. High inthe sky, the water cools and forms a cloud. Clouds appear white as light bounces off them. Example: Breathe out warm breath into cold air. The cloud you see is water droplets forming from water vapor. The warm water vapor from your breath coolsin the air and forms your own cloud (same principle with breathing on a coldsurface like a window, mirror, etc.).

1. Name of animal seen and how many: Record the name of insects and otherorganisms seen and the approximate number. The objective is the see how activity, type, numbers change as springmoves on to summer. Some adult insectsare hibernators and may be found in leaf litter or other warm places. Under rocks is another good place to checkfor activity. Remember not to pick upcentipedes. Centipedes inject venom. The sting and reaction are reportedly similarto bee stings.

2. What plants have germinated? Explain what germination means and use itregularly to get the students familiar with the word. In this section, only mention the name of theplant. If you note no germination in acouple of weeks from planting, let Granny know. We would like to track how different plants perform in our differentgarden areas. The planting guide showsthe estimated germination period. Tackon an extra week to account before deciding the seeds have not germinated.
BackgroundInformation about Ants:



1. There are more than 12,000 ant species. Ants have lived for millions of years.

2. Ants can life 20 times own weight, if you could dothis, you could pick up a car.

3. Ants are related to bees and wasps.

4. Ants are insects with 3 body parts, 6 legs with clawson the end, 2 antennae which are bent, compound eyes, an exoskeleton, and achewing mouthpart called a mandible. Mandiblesare used to dig, cut, bite, and carry things. Male ants and the queen have 2 pairs of wings. Ants “hear” by feeling vibrations in theirfeet; they don’t have ears. Ants have abrain. Compound eyes help to sensemotion. Ants communicate by tapping eachother with antennae. Antennae are alsoused for touching, tasting, and smelling.

5. Ants store food in their abdomen. Legs are attached to the thorax.

6. Ants eat plants and animals.

7. Ants go through complete metamorphosis with egg,larva, pupa, and adult stages that do not resemble each other. Larvae look shiny and white. Most ants pupate in a cocoon that lookspapery (made from spun silk from the larva); other ants pupate in a form thatlooks like a white ant that is inactive. Worker ants bite open cocoons to release the new ant. Ant cocoons are sold for turtle food, oftenlabeled incorrectly as ant eggs. Antsbreathe through holes in their bodies; they don’t have lungs. They breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbondioxide.

8. Ants can be black, brown, red, yellow, tan, green,purple.

9. Ants live in soil, wood, galls, even acorns. In the winter, ants hibernate in soil orwood. Ants are found everywhere except Antarctica.

10. Ants live in colonies. Ant colonies can have a few thousand to a few hundred thousandants. Most colonies have only one queen,many workers, tiny eggs, shiny larvae, and pupae. Ant colonies have special rooms for nurserieswhere worker ants take care of eggs, larvae, and pupae. There are separate nurseries for each stageof egg, larva, pupa. There are separaterooms for food storage and garbage storage. The extra dirt from building the colony istaken outside to become the ant hill.

11. Ants eat insects, dead insects, worms, larvae ofinsects, nectar, seeds, fruit, bread.

12. The queen lays the eggs. She has wings, but pulls them out after sheflies off to mate. She spends the restof her life laying hundreds of eggs. Ifthe queen dies, the colony will die, too, in a few months. Queens are usually not replaced and workerants can’t reproduce. Some queens canlive 20 or 30 years.

13. Male ants mate with the queen, and then don’t live fortoo much longer. Ants fly into the skyto mate. Male ants are born from unfertilizedeggs; the queen makes male eggs when it’s time to make new colonies.

14. Males and new queens swarm out of the colony; themales to mate with queens; the new queens to make new colonies.

15. Worker ants are females that take care of the queenand nurseries, guard the entrance, attack, and search for food.

16. When ants fight, it’s usually to the death.

17. Ants mark a trail with ascent (pheromone) trail soother ants can find the food source or so they know where they’ve been.

Ant types:
Weaver ants bind edges of leaves togetherwith sticky silk from larvae. They buildnests in trees. Some ants hold the edgesof leaves; other ants carry larvae along the leaf edge for them to spin silk toattach the leaves together.
Honeypot ants fill some worker ants withnectar. The abdomen swells. When an ant is hungry, it taps its antennaeon the swollen abdomen of an ant that then spits nectar into the mouth of thehungry ant.
Carpenter ants build nests in wood. They can be red or black and about ½’long. They don’t eat the wood, but makemany tunnels that weaken the wood.
House ants give off an odor whencrushed. They are brown or black andabout 1/8” long. They nest in soil,under rocks, cracks in walls of homes.
Pavement ants live under cracks inpavement. They are dark brown or blackand about 1/8” long. Their colonies canhave several queens.
Red imported fire ants build mound nests insoil. They are dark reddish brown andabout 1/8” to ½” long. They areaggressive and have a painful sting.
Leaf cutter ants cut and chew leaves to make apaste that is used as fertilizer to grow food (fungi).
If slavemaker ants take over anothercolony, the ants from the eggs become slave ants to take care of eggs, larvae,and pupae, to gather food, or to build the nest.

Activity:

1. Ask a student to read soil and air temperature. Record the weather conditions. If you are in your garden area, check to seewhat has germinated.



2. Explain that students will work in groups to gather information aboutanimals seen in their area. We arecollecting information to study how temperature and weather affects the type,number, and behavior of animals seen.



3. Students will work in groups with a clipboard that has a blank sheet ofpaper, a sheet of garden organisms, and a sheet of ground organisms.



4. Students will write the name of the animal seen and the number.




5. This session will focus on ants. If ants are found, the student should notifythe leader so some ants can be collected for observation. Students should not pick up the ants. Try to scoop them into a collection box. What color were the ants? One color? Two colors?
6. If you find an ant colony, dig inside a bit to observe eggs, larvae,pupae. Nurse ants pick up eggs, larvae,pupae with their mouths to carry them to safety. What did the colony look like? A pyramid entrance?




7. If you see ants walking on plants, follow them to seewhat they are doing. Some ants collect asweet substance produced by aphids. Aphids are insects that have piercing-sucking mouthparts to drink plant juices.

8. Allow the students to look for 10 minutes.



9. Ask what was seen and spend 10 minutes discussing and observing ants.



10. Ask what students know about ants. Discuss body parts of ants. Howdo they live? Discuss the members of theant colony.



11. Observe ants in a collection box with a magnifying lid. Find the body parts. Notice the bent antennae. Can you see the mouth?




12. Ask students how the ant satisfies food, water, andshelter needs. What does the ant eat,where does it find water, where does it live? From what predators does it seek shelter? (other ants, spiders, fish, lizards, birds,snakes, anteaters, woodpeckers, bears)

13. Are they helpful or harmful? Ants help by preying on small invertebratesand aerating soil. On the other hand,some types of ants are pests who compete for and protect their territory.

14. Collect the students’ written observations if you did not record all onthe Animal and Weather Tracking Worksheet. Collect the organism sheets.

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